表4植被种群组成及表现table 4species combbbbbbbb and vegetation
植物种名 the species name | 生长状况(1年后) growth status (later a year) | 生长状况(2年后) growth status (after two years) | 生长状况(3年后) growth status (after three years) | 生活型 biotype |
高羊茅 festuca arundinacea | 良好 very good | 一般 the general | 不良 bad | 多年生草本 herbaceous perennid |
狗牙根 cynodondactylon | 一般 the general | 良好 very good | 良好 very good | 多年生草本 herbaceous perennid |
紫花苜蓿 medicago sativa | 良好 very good | 一般 the general | 一般 the general | 多年生草本 herbaceous perennid |
木豆 cajanus cajan | 良好 very good | 一般 the general | 一般 the general | 灌木 shrub |
猪屎豆 grotalaria pallida | 良好 very good | 淘汰 be sifted out | 淘汰 be sifted out | 灌木 shrub |
刺槐 robinia pseudoacacia | 良好 very good | 淘汰 be sifted out | 淘汰 be sifted out | 灌木或半灌木 shrub or subshrub |
马棘 indigofera pseudotinctoria | 良好 very good | 良好 very good | 良好 very good | 灌木 shrub |
多花木蓝 indigofera amblyatha | 良好 very good | 良好 very good | 良好 very good | 灌木 shrub |
山合欢 albizia kalkora | 一般 the general | 良好 very good | 良好 very good | 灌木或半灌木 shrub or subshrub |
坡柳 dodonaea | 一般 the general | 良好 very good | 良好 very good | 灌木 shrub |
翅荚决明 cassia alata | 一般 the general | 良好 very good | 良好 very good | 灌木或半灌木 shrub or subshrub |
胡枝子 lespedeza bicolor | 未见 not found | 未见 not found | 未见 not found | 灌木或半灌木 shrub or subshrub |
紫穗槐 amorphafruticosa | 未见 not found | 未见 not found | 未见 not found | 灌木或半灌木 shrub or subshrub |
野花组合 portfolios of wildflower | 一般 the general | 良好 very good | 不良 bad | 地被植物 ground cover plants |
爬山虎 parthenocissus tricuspidata | 一般 the general | 良好 very good | 良好 very good | 藤本植物 vine |
常春藤 hedera nepalensiaver. sinensis | 一般 the general | 良好 very good | 良好 very good | 藤本植物 vine |
note:the good shrub species with lush vegetation, density is more than 5 plants per square meters, the mean height is more than 5 cm; the ordinary species density is about 2 plants per square meters; plants failed to grow or disappeared is elimination; mean grass coverage is 90% is good and 75% is ordinary. 注:灌木品种数量≥ 5 株· m-2, 植株平均高度≥ 10 ㎝ , 枝叶繁茂为良好; 品种数量1~2 株· m-2为一般; 植株明显生长不良、未见或消亡为淘汰; 草本植物平均盖度≥ 90%为良好, 75%~90%为一般, ≦ 75%为不良。 | 表4植被种群组成及表现table 4species combbbbbbbb and vegetation |
对该边坡施工工艺、生态修复效果进行了近3年的持续观测, 施工20 d后先锋物种开始发芽, 3个月后绿色覆盖坡面, 6个月后坡面植被盖度超过90%, 植被中生长着不同品种的小灌木, 密度8~10株· m-2, 人工引入的观赏性花卉争艳怒放, 同时已有大量的当地野生植物入侵, 形成了多物种植被群落的雏形。3年后, 坡面植被物种在不断竞争中趋于稳定, 先锋植物在夏季过分潮湿、冬春季极端干旱的气候下条件逐渐退化, 原配方中个别物种已消亡, 适应当地气候的物种与当地物种生长茂盛, 种间竞争趋于正常, 相互平衡后逐渐形成了优势种群。栽植的灌木成活率100%, 爬山虎、常春藤两种爬藤类植物成活率98%, 在前期人工牵引下已朝既定方向攀爬并向四周扩展, 形成了覆盖裸露坡面的绝对趋势。最终构成了以灌木为主, 草、花、藤共存的多样性植物群落结构。
期间经历了2013年近两个月的持续阴雨、大坝底孔换水和泄洪等高强度雨水冲刷未出现基质滑落的现象, 2014年1月-3月右岸分别经历24与20 d的养护断水, 对植物造成较大的伤害, 但恢复供水后均得到返青, 进一步证明了tbs工艺在此电站边坡上应用的可行性。植被建成后的整体效果如图3、4、5所示。
图3
fig.3
fig.3 the overall effect of biological protection of slope'>viewdownload | |
fig.3 the overall effect of biological protection of slope'>![]() | 图3生物防护边坡的整体效果fig.3the overall effect of biological protection of slope |
fig.4
fig.4 the combbbbbbbb of vegetation communities'>viewdownload | |
fig.4 the combbbbbbbb of vegetation communities'>![]() | 图4植被群落的组成fig.4the combbbbbbbb of vegetation communities |
fig.5
fig.5 ornamental plants in the slope effect'>![]() | 图5观赏植物在坡面的效果fig.5ornamental plants in the slope effect |
3.1 植物种类的选择
在tbs植被护坡技术中, 植物种类选择采用优势群落+伴生群落+试验群落+观赏群落的搭配原则[], 保证发挥先锋种群的绝对优势, 使其最大限度地生根发芽, 发挥固土护坡、涵养水源、遮阳挡风等保护功能, 促进后续植物的顺利成长。草本植物播种后数月生长茂密, 固土护坡、防止冲刷效果明显, 但禾本科草易退化衰老, 必须采用寿命长、耐干旱、耐瘠薄, 固土护坡及景观功能胜于草本的灌木, 如马棘、多花木蓝、山合欢等的优势才是生物防护成功之根本。在植被建植初期, 并不追求高的草本盖度, 使灌木能够充分生长通过自然演替达到边坡建植森林的目的[]。本技术推广研究中将草、灌混播护坡, 加上藤本植物的攀岩效果, 不仅提高了整个坡面的植被修复盖度, 缩短了绿化见效时间, 同时加入野花组合, 极大地提升了施工坡面的观赏性。
tbs植被护坡技术中的植物种类选择, 经历了从简单到多样、从传统技术到现代技术的发展过程。最初的植物种类局限于园林草坪物种, 不仅养护成本高, 且生态效益不理想。美国自1995年以来就强调乡土物种的利用和野花植物的生态景观功能[]。而日本也强调乡土植物的利用, 且主张利用灌木进行公路边坡防护, 要求边坡绿化结合坡面综合防护进行[]。有研究也曾提出, 开发利用本土优良的水土保持植物资源是紫色土丘陵区断面植被恢复、生态治理的必经之路[]。
结合岩石与混凝土边坡干旱、无种植土壤层的生态环境, 本技术提出了草、灌、花立体构建和谐共融的植被系统; 与根据生物气候的地带性, 边坡环境的适应性, 植物形态共生的互补性, 以及生态景观的统一性, 以灌木为主, 多科属、多品种结合, 构建乔、灌、草、藤、花立体群落[,,]的观点基本一致; 与我国南方地区进行生态恢复、岩质边坡绿化植物应用搭配的基本原则相一致[]。
相比草本植物, 灌木对水、肥的需求少, 适应性强。灌木的深根伸入坡体内部, 一定程度上可起到锚固坡体的作用[]。经过3年的自然生长与发展演变, 坡面形成了以固土护坡能力强、景观效果好的灌木为优势种群, 大面积覆盖基质的草和其它地被植物为伴生种群, 小乔木与花卉局部点缀的共生群落。该群落可自然协调生长与演替且与周围自然生态环境基本融合。从跟踪调查结果来看, 灌木中的多花木兰、马棘、山合欢、坡柳、翅荚决明能更好地适应功果桥水电站坝后边坡困难立地条件, 木豆、高羊茅、狗牙根、苜蓿、野花组合也较适应该环境。
3.2 生物防护模式
功果桥水电站边坡生物防护工程中所采用tbs工艺在连续雨季、大坝泄洪以及底孔换水等综合因素作用下基质流失量小。在长期干旱条件下未出现严重龟裂而掉块的现象, 基质中前期先锋类植物虽然出苗缓慢, 但后期还是覆盖了坡面, 不仅阻隔了部分降水渗透, 也有效防止了水土流失, 给后续植物营造了有利的生存环境, 保证了灌木类的顺利成长。木本植物长势良好, 种类繁多, 与草本及当地入侵的野生植物形成了一个共生的多样性植被系统。综合来看, 采取tbs工艺对该边坡进行生物防护的生态效果较为理想, 基本达到了边坡生物防护的预期目的。
发达国家如美国、法国、加拿大和澳大利亚等对边坡绿化很重视[,]。如日本, 在工程建设中的主导思想是建设与绿化同步进行。国外边坡绿化常用的方法有钢筋水泥框格法、植生卷铺盖法、客土植生带法、纤维绿化法、生态多孔混凝土绿化法以及客土喷射绿化法等。其中客土植生带法、纤维绿化法以及生态多孔混凝土绿化法可用于岩石边坡绿化[]。但是客土植生带法、纤维绿化法和客土喷射绿化法的共同弱点是强度很低, 不能承担边坡防护作用, 并且客土植生带法只能用于缓坡, 纤维绿化法和客土喷射绿化法有着保水性能差、不耐旱等缺点。生态多孔混凝土绿化法强度比较高, 防护作用好, 但也存在基材为植物提供养分能力差且成本过高的问题。目前, 国内在边坡防护与绿化方面的研究多限于模仿和引进国外的边坡防护绿化方法。有的生物防护模式由于地理位置、气候条件的差异, 很难适应植物的生长。
tbs生物防护模式中, pvc铁丝网的作用至关重要, 既可以对边坡进行前期的包容而保持一定的稳定性, 又可以起到喷播后基质与坡面联系的加筋作用, 网材质量的选择和施工决定了整个边坡植物防护系统的持久性。植被形成后, pvc铁丝网和植物的根系纠缠在一起, 共同发挥防冲刷的作用。基材需要含有满足植物生长3~5年的养分。
另外一个重要因子是基质。为了使基层紧实, 基材中添加了碱性的土壤固化剂, 将sy、gt土壤固化剂和水泥掺入砂壤土, 固化剂能显著提高砂壤土的力学性能和抗冻性能; 在同一个固化剂掺量下, 其力学性能和抗冻性能随着水泥含量的增加而提高; 固化剂掺量、水泥含量与土壤含量三者之间存在协调性[,,]。水泥含量的增加, 导致基材ph上升, 土壤呈现碱化状态, 严重影响了豆科植物、灌木的生长, 土壤中有效磷含量很低, 成为阻碍豆科植物生长的因素[,]。
木屑和泥炭土等基质的添加, 显著改善了土壤的理化特性, 也提高了土壤持水能力[], 并从一定程度上缓解了固化剂引起的土壤硬化。由于2 mm直径的稻草会造成土壤过度松散, 可能降低基质的抗侵蚀能力, 所以不宜过量应用[]。
经历了3年时间的自然雨水冲刷, 本研究中不同植被条件下土壤径流量随冲刷时间的变化较明显, 总体上表现为先增大后减小。对照裸地径流量随时间变化低于灌木林地, 但高于其它植被条件, 这与何淑勤等[]的研究结果相一致。
西部困难立地条件实施tbs边坡绿化施工后, 在干旱高温环境时需要特别注意前期养护。种子发芽期湿润深度控制在3~5 cm, 幼苗期依据植物根系的发展逐渐加大到5~15 cm, 但要控制不至在基材混合物内形成“ 壤中流” , 侵蚀基材混合物中小颗粒及淋失养分, 破坏养分平衡。
4 结论
tbs工艺适用于西部边坡生物防护工程, 但必须因地制宜地选择并科学搭配物种形成共生有效的植被群落, 其中更多的考虑种间竞争[], 合理规避雨季施工, 保持基质强度和防治病虫害是本工艺成功的另一关键要素, 干旱季节根据植物不同的生长周期采取科学合理的养护方法格外重要。
the authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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[21] | 张慧莉,廖柯,石一彤.sy固化土构件在护坡工程中的性能及其机理研究.,2010,30(1):151-155. zhang hl,liaok,shi yt.properties and mechanisms of sy soil stabilizer components in slope protection engineering.,2010,30(1):151-155. (in chinese)[本文引用:1] |
[22] | 樊恒辉,高建恩,吴普特,鞠伟,孙胜利.土壤固化剂集流面不同施工工艺比较.,2006,22(10):73-77. fan hh,gao je,wu pt,juw,sun sl.comparison of different construction techniques for the catchment area with soil stabilizer.,2006,22(10):73-77. (in chinese)[本文引用:1] |
[23] | 方祥位,孙树国,陈正汉,申春妮,徐尔昌.gt型土壤固化剂改良土的工程特性研究.,2006,27(9):1545-1548. fang xw,sun sg,chen zh,shen cn,xu ec.study on engineering properties of improved soil by gt soil firming agent.,2006,27(9):1545-1548. (in chinese)[本文引用:1] |
[24] | 唐伟,玉永雄.豆科植物低磷胁迫的适应机制.,2014,31(8):1538-1548. tangw,yu yx.adaptation mechanisms of legume to phosphorus deficiency.,2014,31(8):1538-1548. (in chinese)[本文引用:1] |
[25] | 张东梅,宋鑫,张丽静,胡晓炜,陈晓龙,张燕慧.不同供磷水平对紫穗槐生长及根系形态的影响.,2014,31(9):1767-1773. zhang dm,songx,zhang lj,hu xw,chen xl,zhang yh.effects of phosphorus fertilizing on growth and root morphology of amorpha fruticosa.,2014,31(9):1767-1773. (in chinese)[本文引用:1] |
[26] | 刘铁军,卢健男,张哲乾,马莉,张琼,刘金荣.干旱半干旱区裸露边坡适宜喷播的绿化基质筛选.,2016,33(7):1291-1296. liu tj,lu jn,zhang zq,mal,zhangq,liu jr.screening of green substrate suitable for spraying and sowing in uncovering slope of arid and semi-arid zone.,2016,33(7):1291-1296. (in chinese)[本文引用:1] |
[27] | 高桂娟,曾小龙.添加剂对高陡岩石边坡人工基质性状的影响.,2009,26(4):154-158. gao gj,zeng xl.effect of water absorbent polymer on properties of soil substrate used on high and steep rocky slope.,2009,26(4):154-158. (in chinese)[本文引用:1] |
[28] | 何淑勤,宫渊波,郑子成,孔祥东.不同植被条件下土壤抗冲性及其影响因素.,2013,33(6):75-79. he sq,gong yb,zheng zc,kong xd.dynamic change of soil anti-scourablity and its in fluencing factors under different vegetation types.,2013,33(6):75-79. (in chinese)[本文引用:1] |
[29] | 李莉,王元素,王堃.喀斯特地区永久性禾草+白三叶混播草地群落种间竞争与共存.,2014,31(10):1943-1950. lil,wang ys,wangk.interspecific competition and co-existence in permanent grasses+trifolium repens mixed pasture in karst region.,2014,31(10):1943-1950. (in chinese)[本文引用:1] |
1
2008
0.0
0.0
王琼,韩烈宝,叶激华,辜再元.pms植生基质喷射技术在废弃采石场生态防护工程中的应用.,2008,6(增刊2):187-192.
wangq,han lb,ye jh,gu zy.application of planting material spraying technique in ecological protection engineering aband oned quarry.,2008,6(s 2):187-192. (in chinese)
植生基质喷射技术是一项新型植被护坡技术,具有很好的使用性能和推广价值。结合业已完成的 pms 技术应用实例,对该技术的特点、优点以及施工工艺进行了详细地介绍。通过三年来的观察,其在无锡市滨湖区雪浪山采石场 a 标边坡的应用是比较成功的,达到了迅速恢复边坡生态环境的目的,其绿化景观效果比较理想,得到了专家的高度评价。实践证明,pms 技术很好地解决了废弃采石场长期存在着的生态环保问题,应积极予以推广和应用。
... 目前,全国国土、公路、建设以及房地产等系统均在对历史遗留的和建设生产中不可避免破坏的矿山以及新开挖边坡等,采用不同工艺进行着生态治理修复[1,2]...
1
2003
0.0
0.0
... 目前,全国国土、公路、建设以及房地产等系统均在对历史遗留的和建设生产中不可避免破坏的矿山以及新开挖边坡等,采用不同工艺进行着生态治理修复[1,2]...
1
0.0
0.0
... 20世纪90年代,我国工程研究人员引进了国外先进技术,结合国内边坡设计水平、自然气候和经济条件等,不断地试验、研究和改进,形成了一套独立的适合我国国情的生物防护技术[3]即厚层基材(tbs)工艺 ...
1
2004
0.0
0.0
方华,林建平.植被护坡现状与展望.,2004,11(3):283-285.
fangh,lin jp.slope vegetation: present situation and its prospect.,2004,11(3):283-285. (in chinese)
阐述了植被护坡的功能和发展历史.指出随着社会经济的发展,植被护坡的功能已从单纯的护坡转向护坡与景观改善并举,并且在有些情况下,以景观改善为主要目的.介绍了目前植被护坡在土质边坡、岩质边坡和水体边坡应用的主要类型与优劣,提出植被护坡存在的问题和植被护坡的发展方向.
... 其主要原理为在裸露坡面上喷附一层结构类似于自然土壤且能够贮存水分和养分的植物生长所需的基质材料,使其中植物与土木工程措施有机结合,以减轻工程坡面的不稳定性和侵蚀,通过植被根系的力学加固[4]和地上生物量的水文效应[5,6]达到护坡和改善生态环境的目的,进而解决裸露边坡无法生长植物的难题 ...
1
2008
0.0
0.0
... 其主要原理为在裸露坡面上喷附一层结构类似于自然土壤且能够贮存水分和养分的植物生长所需的基质材料,使其中植物与土木工程措施有机结合,以减轻工程坡面的不稳定性和侵蚀,通过植被根系的力学加固[4]和地上生物量的水文效应[5,6]达到护坡和改善生态环境的目的,进而解决裸露边坡无法生长植物的难题 ...
1
2011
0.0
0.0
张成梁,li bl.美国煤矿废弃地的生态修复.,2011,31(1):276-285.
zhang cl,li bl.ecological reclamation and restoration of aband oned coal mine in the united states.,2011,31(1):276-285. (in chinese)
在对美国煤矿废弃地生态修复项目实地考察的基础上,结合相关文献资料,介绍了其煤矿废弃地生态修复的管理体系、资金来源及使用\技术路线及保障措施.结合实例介绍了美国煤矿废弃地生态修复的工程措施,并重点介绍了"师法自然生态修复法"的新理念及其指导下的生态修复设计和生态修复工程建设."师法自然生态修复法"是暴于地形、地貌、水文、气象、气候等条件,模拟自然的生态修复过程."师法自然生态修复法"将会对我国的生态修复产生积极而深远的影响.
... 其主要原理为在裸露坡面上喷附一层结构类似于自然土壤且能够贮存水分和养分的植物生长所需的基质材料,使其中植物与土木工程措施有机结合,以减轻工程坡面的不稳定性和侵蚀,通过植被根系的力学加固[4]和地上生物量的水文效应[5,6]达到护坡和改善生态环境的目的,进而解决裸露边坡无法生长植物的难题 ...
1
0.0
0.0
... 周边有丰富的植物种群,有暖性针叶林、常绿阔叶林、硬叶常绿阔叶林和杜鹃灌丛(rhododendron dumicola tagg et forrest)等多种植被类型,有高等植物170多种[7]...
1
2011
0.0
0.0
罗双,孙海龙,刘冲,李绍才,庞亮,李成俊.四川道路边坡自然恢复的植被多样性研究.,2011,18(6):52-56.
luos,sun hl,liuc,li sc,pangl,li cj.study on vegetation diversity of road verge after natural restoration in sichuan province, china.,2011,18(6):52-56. (in chinese)
摘 要: 采用样线法对四川地区路域边坡自然恢复后的植被进行调查,研究道路边坡对植物多样性影响。调 查区域内分布植物66科159属190种。其中灌木81种,草本109种;选用了丰富度margalef指数、shannon-wiener多样性指数、 simpson指数、pielou均匀度指数等α多样性指数及codyβ多样性指数来研究边坡的坡度、坡向、海拔、恢复时间与植物群落多样性关系。结果表 明:45°~60°坡度、阴坡、500~700m海拔及〉10a以上的恢复年限的边坡,群落的多样性较高,对边坡植被恢复有利;而在〉60°坡度、阳 坡、〉700m的海拔高度和〈10a的恢复年限内的多样性较低;在不同坡度和海拔的环境梯度上,codyβ指数与α多样性分析结果一致。在生态恢复中,群 落多样性低的边坡,适当增加物种丰富度、密度及有利的人为干扰,有助于提高群落多样性。
... 2 植被调查 于2012-2015年对施工区域采用样线法进行植被调查[8],利用gps定位并记录样方所在的海拔和经纬度 ...
1
0.0
0.0
... 1 植物种类的选择在tbs植被护坡技术中,植物种类选择采用优势群落+伴生群落+试验群落+观赏群落的搭配原则[9],保证发挥先锋种群的绝对优势,使其最大限度地生根发芽,发挥固土护坡、涵养水源、遮阳挡风等保护功能,促进后续植物的顺利成长 ...
1
2006
0.0
0.0
王云,江玉林,崔鹏,陈学平.安楚高速公路禄丰段边坡生态防护技术.,2006,13(1):139-141.
wangy,jiang yl,cuip,chen xp.bioengineering technique for slope protection of anning-chuxiong expressway in yunnan province.,2006,13(1):139-141. (in chinese)
高速公路的修建大大促进了我国经济的发展,但是也带来严重的环境问题.在西南山区,产生了大量高陡边坡,而对边坡的生态防护技术的研究就成了重点.介绍了安楚高速公路禄丰段边坡特点、地形地貌、气候、地质环境,并以试验段为例阐述了边坡生态防护植物措施的思想,重点突出地方野生物种的筛选与利用,实现边坡快速灌木化的理念,详尽介绍了客土喷播的施工工艺及技术流程.
... 在植被建植初期,并不追求高的草本盖度,使灌木能够充分生长通过自然演替达到边坡建植森林的目的[10]...
1
2002
0.0
0.0
... 美国自1995年以来就强调乡土物种的利用和野花植物的生态景观功能[11]...
1
1997
0.0
0.0
... 而日本也强调乡土植物的利用,且主张利用灌木进行公路边坡防护,要求边坡绿化结合坡面综合防护进行[12]...
1
2013
0.0
0.0
刘金平.坡度对野牛荩草分株特征及生殖分配的影响.,2013,30(10):1602-1607.
liu jp.effects of sectional slope on reproductive ramets quantitative characteristics and reproductive investment of wild arthraxon hispidus.,2013,30(10):1602-1607. (in chinese)
in the study, wild arthraxon hispidus population distributed in purple soil hilly area of different slope was taken as a test material, indicators like reproductive ramets quantitative characteristics, biomass structure, reproductive investment rate and reproductive redistribution were measured and analyzed. the result showed that wild a.hispidus on the 50° cross-section can complete life cycle. when the slope was larger, the variation coefficient of inflorescence traits and seed setting rate was greater. the slope significantly affected the maximum, minimum and average value of root, stem, leaf, inflorescence biomass. when the slope was larger, more biomass distributed into root and less biomass into inflorescence. the habitat significantly affected reproductive investment rate and reproductive redistribution when the slope value was larger, the value of reproductive investment rate and reproductive redistribution was lower. the wild a.hispidus had a strong ability to adapt to arid and barren sectional habitat. therefore, wild a.hispidus was an excellent lawn grasses resources in protecting solid soil slope, and should be exploited and utilized.
通过多重比较法,对紫色土丘陵区断面不同坡位下,野生荩草( arthraxon hispidus )群落生殖分株的数量特征、生物量结构、生殖分配与生殖再分配进行分析。结果表明,野生荩草可在50°断面上存活,并完成生命周期,坡度越大生殖分株的小花数、小穗数等花序性状及结实率变异系数越大;生殖分株的绝对与相对根、茎、叶、花序生物量的最大、最小、平均值,均受坡度的显著影响( p p <0.01),坡度越大生殖分配率与生殖再分配越低。野生荩草对断面干旱、贫瘠的生境条件具有极强适应能力,可作为优良的固土护坡草坪乡土草种资源加以开发利用。
... 有研究也曾提出,开发利用本土优良的水土保持植物资源是紫色土丘陵区断面植被恢复、生态治理的必经之路[13]...
1
2013
0.0
0.0
陈晓蓉,徐国钢,朱兆华,曹华英,孙吉雄,赖庆旺.深圳地区道路边坡植物配置及群落建植技术.,2013,30(9):1359-1364.
chen xr,xu gg,zhu zh,cao hy,sun jx,lai qw.rebbbbbb on road slope plant configuration and ecological patter in shenzhen.,2013,30(9):1359-1364. (in chinese)
road slope ecological restoration project of highway or highspeed railway is an important content of the construction of ecological civilization. recovery and reconstruction road slope vegetation are imperative.this paper described the bioclimatic and slope features of shenzhen, through analysing a large number of road slope ecological engineering practices, and summed up the plant configuration and community modeling techniques of road slopes in shenzhen. therefore, the following conclusions wase came up: according to the bioclimatic zone, road slope environment adaptability, plants bbbb symbiotic complementarity and the unity of ecological landscape choose plant species. giving priority to shrubs, leguminous plants, and local provenance based plants, build multi plant species combinatine communities.
随着社会经济的发展,高速公路和高速铁路建设产生了大量的道路边坡。恢复和重建道路边坡的生态植被势在必行。本文阐述了深圳的生物气候特点和道路边坡特点,结合大量道路边坡生态工程实践,总结了深圳地区道路边坡植物配置及群落建模技术。提出根据生物气候的地带性,道路边坡环境的适应性,植物形态共生的互补性,以及生态景观的统一性,以灌木为主,以豆科植物为主,以地方乡土种源为主,多科属、多品种结合,构建乔、灌、草、藤、蕨立体群落。
... 与根据生物气候的地带性,边坡环境的适应性,植物形态共生的互补性,以及生态景观的统一性,以灌木为主,多科属、多品种结合,构建乔、灌、草、藤、花立体群落[14,15,16]的观点基本一致 ...
1
2008
0.0
0.0
田青怀,徐礼根,李树一.杭州将军山高陡边坡生态环境治理工程技术研究.,2008,6(增刊2):192-194.
tian qh,xu lg,li sy.technical study on ecological environment restortion progects on high-steep slopes in general mountain in hangzhou.,2008,6(s2):192-194. (in chinese)
系统介绍了杭州市将军山采石矿山宕口高陡坡面生态环境治理工程中所采用的多项技术、所取得的治理效果及4年跟踪研究结果。
... 与根据生物气候的地带性,边坡环境的适应性,植物形态共生的互补性,以及生态景观的统一性,以灌木为主,多科属、多品种结合,构建乔、灌、草、藤、花立体群落[14,15,16]的观点基本一致 ...
1
2001
0.0
0.0
肖笃宁,高峻,石铁矛.景观生态学在城市规划和管理中的应用.,2001,16(6):813-820.
xiao dn,gaoj,shi tm.application of land scape ecology in planning and management.,2001,16(6):813-820. (in chinese)
as a typical artificial landscape, the spatial structure of city is the type of high collective landscape and the function of city appears as the diversities of culture, high capability and high energy flow. landscape ecology on city includes urban spatial structure and ecological process, urban landscape scene and urban ecological construction and urban landscape planning. the most direct application of landscape ecology on city is landscape planning. this paper, firstly, discusses on the valuations of urban landscape quality and value which include the valuation of landscape aesthetics and the capability of landscape vision. the topic of this paper is urban spatial structure and the principles on landscape planning, which involves urban spatial patterns, the corridor influence of urban spatial extension and the analysis on the spatial structure of urban greenbelt system. based on the cases of greenbelt systems in shanghai and guangzhou, the authors analyze on the landscape change of the ecotone landscape between urban and rural. at the same time, the characteristics of the processes of urbanization are described by urban landscape patterns and its dynamics according to the typical rebbbbbbes in shanghai and shenyang.
1.cold and arid regions environment and engineering rebbbbbb institute,cas,lanzhou 730000,china; 2.institute of applied ecology, cas,shenyang 110016,china; 3.shenyang architecture and civil engineering university, shenyang 110016,china
城市是典型的人工景观,空间结构上属于紧密汇聚型,功能上表现为高能流、高容量和文化上的多样性。城市景观生态研究包括城市空间结构与生态过程,城市景观风貌与城市生态建设,城市景观规划是其最直接的应用。首先论述了城市景观质量与价值评价,包括景观美学评价与景观视觉容量。城市空间结构和景观规划原则是该文论述的主题,包括城市空间布局、城市空间扩展的廊道效应以及城市绿地系统的空间结构分析;以上海和广州市的绿地系统为例进行了重点介绍,最后对于城乡交错带的景观变化进行分析,用景观格局及其动态来描述城乡交错带的城市化过程特点,介绍了上海和沈阳的典型研究。
... 与根据生物气候的地带性,边坡环境的适应性,植物形态共生的互补性,以及生态景观的统一性,以灌木为主,多科属、多品种结合,构建乔、灌、草、藤、花立体群落[14,15,16]的观点基本一致 ...
1
2011
0.0
0.0
唐欣,向佐湘,倪海满.植被混凝土在采石场生态恢复中的应用.,2011,28(1):74-76.
tangx,xiang zx,ni hm.the application of vegetation concrete to ecological restoration in the stone pit.,2011,28(1):74-76. (in chinese)
based on the current situation of the ecological problems in the stone pit, this study presented the process of construction technology and forecasted the application prospects when vegetation concrete was used to restore the ecotype of the stone pit through the concrete implementation of the project by taking the ecological management of the dongsheng stone pit of cencun village in guangzhou city as an example. and then this study proposed the management ideas for the ecological restoration in the stone pit and greening engineering construction at rock slope in the southern china, and basic principles of tiein plant application, which would provide mirror for the ecological restoration of other similar stone pit, rock slope greening concrete or protection, and soil and water conservation.
针对目前我国众多采石场面临的生态问题,以广州岑村东升采石场的生态治理为例,通过具体工程项目的实施,详细介绍了植被混凝土在采石场生态恢复治理中的施工工艺流程及应用前景,并提出了在我国南方等亚热带地区进行采石场生态恢复、岩质边坡绿化工程施工的治理思路和植物应用搭配的基本原则,从而为同类型采石场的生态恢复、混凝土或岩质边坡绿化防护、水土保持治理等工作提供参考。
... 与我国南方地区进行生态恢复、岩质边坡绿化植物应用搭配的基本原则相一致[17]...
2
2013
0.0
0.0
廖晶晶,罗绪强,罗光杰,魏华炜.三种护坡植物根-土复合体抗剪强度比较.,2013,33(5):118-122.
liao jj,luo xq,luo gj,wei hw.comparison of shear strength of root-soil composite for three types of slope protection vegetation.,2013,33(5):118-122. (in chinese)
以紫穗槐、胡枝子及狗牙根根系及其与土壤构成的根—土复合体为研究对象,通过对根—土复合体的室内直剪试验,比较分析了不同物种根系和不同含根量对根—土复合体的抗剪强度的影响。结果表明,根系的存在提高了土体的抗剪强度,根—土复合体的抗剪强度随着含根量的增加而增大,但当含根量达到一定值时根—土复合体的强度增加并不明显,即存在最佳含根量范围;与无根扰动土相比,根—土复合体内摩擦角无显著变化,但显著提高了黏聚力,其中紫穗槐、胡枝子、狗牙根黏聚力平均增幅分别为47.5%,39.2%和38.9%;紫穗槐、胡枝子和狗牙根根—土复合体对土壤的抗剪强度影响不同。在水土流失区种植乔灌木物种能有效增加坡体稳定性,降低土壤侵蚀。
... 灌木的深根伸入坡体内部,一定程度上可起到锚固坡体的作用[18]...
... 发达国家如美国、法国、加拿大和澳大利亚等对边坡绿化很重视[18,19]...
1
1984
0.0
0.0
... 发达国家如美国、法国、加拿大和澳大利亚等对边坡绿化很重视[18,19]...
1
2009
0.0
0.0
陈志明,仲童强.高速公路岩石边坡客土喷播施工技术——以宁常高速公路南京段客土喷播为例.,2009,26(12):157-160.
chen zm,zhong tq.technology of spray seeding for rocky slope protection by express highway——a case study of nanchang express highway.,2009,26(12):157-160. (in chinese)
along with the fast development of express highway, a large area of slope became bare and it results in water and soil erosion. spray seeding could achieve threedimensional greening with shrub and grass. taking nanjing changzhou express highway (section in nanjing city) as the example (where the gradient of rocky slope was 60 to 700 degrees, the average height was 20 m and the ground substance was very hard), the materials, equipments, key techniques and construction standards were summarized. it could be concluded in this example that spray seeding was an efficient approach to rapidly establish vegetation cover on rocky slope.
随着高速公路的快速发展,公路建设中山地开挖形成大量裸露的边坡,既破坏公路景观,又造成水土流失。客土喷播能在普通条件下无法绿化或绿化效果较差的岩石边坡上实现草灌结合,立体绿化,恢复自然植被。宁常高速公路南京标段岩石边坡坡度60°70°,平均高度20 m,板状石质,质地坚硬。结合该标段施工实例,论述了岩石边坡客土喷播所需材料和设备、施工流程和技术要点、验收要点和标准。实践证明,客土喷播绿化速度快、植被覆盖率高,是高速公路岩石边坡绿化的一种新方法。
... 其中客土植生带法、纤维绿化法以及生态多孔混凝土绿化法可用于岩石边坡绿化[20]...
1
2010
0.0
0.0
张慧莉,廖柯,石一彤.sy固化土构件在护坡工程中的性能及其机理研究.,2010,30(1):151-155.
zhang hl,liaok,shi yt.properties and mechanisms of sy soil stabilizer components in slope protection engineering.,2010,30(1):151-155. (in chinese)
将sy土壤固化剂和水泥掺入砂壤土,制成不同形状规格的sy固化土护坡构件,分别在水泥含量15%,20%和25%,固化剂掺量为1%,2%,3%和4%时,制成最大干密度的试样,进行了3,7,14和28 d无侧限抗压强度试验,以及水泥含量25%,固化剂掺量3%时的冻融循环试验.结果表明,sy固化剂能显著提高砂壤土的力学性能和抗冻性能;在同一个固化剂掺量下,其力学性能和抗冻性能随着水泥含量的增加而提高;同化剂掺量、水泥含量与土壤含量三者之间存在协调性.sem测试和机理分析表明,sy土壤同化剂生成的大量二氧化硅凝胶和微膨胀的钙矾石晶体,使内部结构更加致密,从而提高了砂壤土的宏观力学性能和抗冻性能.sy固化土护坡构件完全满足护坡工程质量要求,具有较高的经济、社会和生态价值.
... 固化剂掺量、水泥含量与土壤含量三者之间存在协调性[21,22,23]...
1
2006
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0.0
樊恒辉,高建恩,吴普特,鞠伟,孙胜利.土壤固化剂集流面不同施工工艺比较.,2006,22(10):73-77.
fan hh,gao je,wu pt,juw,sun sl.comparison of different construction techniques for the catchment area with soil stabilizer.,2006,22(10):73-77. (in chinese)
soil stabilizer can solidify all kinds of soils and has manyadvantages such as using local materials, reducing sandstone dosage and saving engineering cost, so it has a wide applied prospectin water-harvesting system, especially in catchment area. based on theclassification of stabilized-soil catchment area, four different construction techniques, namely, stiff-monolithic-smoothing with soil stabilizer slurry technique, stiff-monolithic-natural smoothing technique, stiff-brick technique and plastic-monolithic-natural smoothingtechnique, were analyzed. the rainwater harvesting efficiencies of catchment area with different construction techniques were above 90% and the coefficients of roughnesswere 0.011~0.014. compared with concrete catchment area, the cost of stabilized-soil catchment area could reduce at least 40%. results show that stiff-brick technique has an important bbbbbbbb and value in future development and application, and plastic technique should be utilized in the only-one cachment area and the technique of smoothing with soil stabilizer slurry is very usefulto reduce the coefficient of roughness and the shrinkage on the surface.
土壤固化剂以土壤为固结对象,具有就地取材、减少砂石量和节省工程造价等优点,在集雨工程特别是集流面建设中具有广阔的应用前景。该文在提出固化剂集流面施工工艺分类的基础上,阐述了干硬性-整体施工-固化剂浆液收光、干硬性-整体施工-自然收光、干硬性-砌块施工、塑性-整体施工-自然收光等4种不同施工工艺的技术要求。通过测定集流面的集流效率和粗糙系数,认为固化剂集流面的集流效率达到90%以上,表面粗糙系数在0.011~0.014之间。与混凝土集流面比较,固化剂集流面的建造成本可节约40%以上。试验结果表明:砌块施工工艺在未来固化剂集流面的发展应用中具有重要的地位和价值;单一用途的集流面应考虑塑性施工工艺;表面采用固化剂浆液收光有利于降低集流面的粗糙系数和表面干缩裂缝。
... 固化剂掺量、水泥含量与土壤含量三者之间存在协调性[21,22,23]...
1
2006
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0.0
方祥位,孙树国,陈正汉,申春妮,徐尔昌.gt型土壤固化剂改良土的工程特性研究.,2006,27(9):1545-1548.
fang xw,sun sg,chen zh,shen cn,xu ec.study on engineering properties of improved soil by gt soil firming agent.,2006,27(9):1545-1548. (in chinese)
gt型土壤固化剂是一种新型的土壤改性加固材料,以高钙灰和脱硫石膏两种工业废料为主要原料,辅以生石灰、水泥、熟石膏、硫酸铝及明矾石等次要成分,采用生石灰消解法除去脱硫石膏中的自由水,按全粉料配料的方法研制而成.按一定掺量向土中掺入石灰和gt型土壤固化剂制成石灰改良土样和固化剂改良土样并进行养护、浸水,对土样进行击实试验、直剪试验、压缩试验和渗透试验.试验结果表明固化剂改良土的击实效果、抗剪强度、压缩性、抗渗透性等工程特性明显优于石灰改良土.分析了gt型土壤固化剂加固土的机理,为进一步的研究和工程应用提供参考.
... 固化剂掺量、水泥含量与土壤含量三者之间存在协调性[21,22,23]...
1
2014
0.0
0.0
唐伟,玉永雄.豆科植物低磷胁迫的适应机制.,2014,31(8):1538-1548.
tangw,yu yx.adaptation mechanisms of legume to phosphorus deficiency.,2014,31(8):1538-1548. (in chinese)
phosphorus is one of the most important mineral nutrients. it is essential for plant growth and development involved in various biochemical processes, such as lipid bbbbbolism and the biosynthesis of nucleic acids and cell membranes. however, low soil available phosphorus content has become a limited factor to the growth of legume. long-term phosphorus deficiency stress promoted legume’s adaptations and evolution in their mechanisms of morphological, physiological, molecular biological and so on. understanding these adaptive mechanisms developed by legume will play a critical role in agronomic practices optimization, resource conservation and environmental protection as well as the development of biotechnological strategies which aim to improve the availability of phosphorus for legume. legume adaptations to low phosphorus stress environment and efficient absorption limited effective phosphorus in soil have become rebbbbbb focus in the current. in the present study, progresses and problems in aspects of adaptation mechanisms on root morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular biological under phosphorus deficiency stress were reviewed to provide theoretical foundations for varieties improvement during phosphorus deficiency and efficient utilization of phosphorus in agricultural production.
磷是植物生长和发育所必需的一种重要营养元素, 它参与植物体内多种生化过程, 包括脂类代谢、核酸和细胞膜的生物合成等。土壤中有效磷含量很低, 成为阻碍豆科植物生长的因素。长期的低磷胁迫促使豆科植物形态学、生理生化、分子生物学等方面的机制得以进化来适应低磷胁迫环境。这些适应性机制对优化农艺措施、节约资源、保护环境以及提高豆科植物对磷有效利用的生物技术发展起着重要作用。豆科植物如何适应低磷胁迫环境和高效吸收利用土壤中有限的有效磷已经成为当前的研究热点。本文综述了豆科植物在受到磷胁迫时的根系形态学、生理生化和分子生物学等方面适应机制研究所取得的进展及存在的问题, 为豆科植物在低磷研究中的品种改良和农业生产中的磷高效利用提供一定的理论依据。
... 水泥含量的增加,导致基材ph上升,土壤呈现碱化状态,严重影响了豆科植物、灌木的生长,土壤中有效磷含量很低,成为阻碍豆科植物生长的因素[24,25]...
1
2014
0.0
0.0
张东梅,宋鑫,张丽静,胡晓炜,陈晓龙,张燕慧.不同供磷水平对紫穗槐生长及根系形态的影响.,2014,31(9):1767-1773.
zhang dm,songx,zhang lj,hu xw,chen xl,zhang yh.effects of phosphorus fertilizing on growth and root morphology of amorpha fruticosa.,2014,31(9):1767-1773. (in chinese)
the soil culture experiments were employed to study the effects of different phosphorus levels on the growth and root morphology of amorpha fruticosa , and provided the reference for the determination of the suitable planting areas and phosphorus application in the loess plateau region. the results showed that the growth of leaf and the development of root were the best with 52.5 mg·kg -1 phosphorus treatment based on the results that both the characters of plant growth, including plant height, ground diameter, total biomass, shoot and root biomass, and characters of plant root morphology, including average diameter, total length, total surface area and total volume were the largest. the root-shoot ratio reached the largest with 17.5 mg·kg -1 low phosphorus treatment which suggested that a. fruticosa responded to low phosphorus stress through maintaining large proportion of roots. phosphorus level of 52.5 mg·kg -1 was the optimal soil phosphorus concentration for the growth of a. fruticosa. a. fruticosa could grow well in the soils with low phosphorus content.
以紫穗槐( amorpha fruticosa )为材料,利用土培法研究不同供磷水平对其植株生长和根系形态的影响,以期为在黄土高原确定适宜的建植地区及建植过程中合理的磷肥施用量奠定基础。结果表明,52.5 mg·kg -1 供磷水平下,紫穗槐植株株高、地径、总生物量、地上部及根系生物量均最大,叶片生长良好;根系平均直径、根系总长、根系总表面积和总体积最大,根系发育最好。17.5 mg·kg -1 低磷水平下,根冠比最大,通过维持较大比例的根系来响应低磷环境。供磷水平过低或过高对紫穗槐生长均产生不利影响,52.5 mg·kg -1 是紫穗槐生长的最适土壤磷浓度。紫穗槐对土壤磷素水平要求较低,能够在较为贫瘠的土壤中生长良好。
... 水泥含量的增加,导致基材ph上升,土壤呈现碱化状态,严重影响了豆科植物、灌木的生长,土壤中有效磷含量很低,成为阻碍豆科植物生长的因素[24,25]...
1
2016
0.0
0.0
刘铁军,卢健男,张哲乾,马莉,张琼,刘金荣.干旱半干旱区裸露边坡适宜喷播的绿化基质筛选.,2016,33(7):1291-1296.
liu tj,lu jn,zhang zq,mal,zhangq,liu jr.screening of green substrate suitable for spraying and sowing in uncovering slope of arid and semi-arid zone.,2016,33(7):1291-1296. (in chinese)
arid and semi-arid region of uncovering slope in loess plateau had less annual precipitation with dry climate and intense evaporation in gansu province which leads to many problems of uncovering slope greening plants including germination difficult and lower survival rates. the present study compared the physicochemical properties of 6 different spraying and sowing substrate including biological fertilizer, super absorbent polymer, peatmoss, soil, straw and fast released fertilizer with different dosage and proportion and their effects on slope water evaporation, vegetation coverage and biomass in uncovering slope of loess plateau to screening green substrate suitable for these areas. the results showed that the substrate with peatmoss, soil and straw in a ratio of 40:45:15 and addition with 500 g·m -2 saline microbial fertilizer, 1 g·m -2 absorbent polymer and 25 g·m -2 fast released fertilizer can effectively reduce water evaporation, increase the vegetation coverage and aboveground biomass which was the most benifical for the growth of plants of loess plateau uncovering slope.
甘肃黄土高原干旱半干旱区裸露边坡年均降水量少、气候干燥、蒸发强烈,导致边坡绿化植物存在出苗难和成活率低等诸多问题。本研究以干旱半干旱区裸露边坡为研究对象,通过 l 9 (3 4 )正交试验,研究生物肥、保水剂、草炭土、土壤、秸秆、速效肥6种喷播绿化基质在不同用量和比例组合下的理化性质,及其对边坡水分蒸发量、植被盖度、地上植物量的影响,以期筛选出适宜的喷播绿化基质配方。结果表明,草炭土:土壤:秸秆比例为 40:45:15 ,嗜盐碱微生物菌肥500 g·m -2 、保水剂1 g·m -2 、速效肥25 g·m -2 可有效减小水分蒸发量,提高植被盖度和地上植物量,对黄土高原裸露边坡植物生长最为有利。
... 木屑和泥炭土等基质的添加,显著改善了土壤的理化特性,也提高了土壤持水能力[26],并从一定程度上缓解了固化剂引起的土壤硬化 ...
1
2009
0.0
0.0
高桂娟,曾小龙.添加剂对高陡岩石边坡人工基质性状的影响.,2009,26(4):154-158.
gao gj,zeng xl.effect of water absorbent polymer on properties of soil substrate used on high and steep rocky slope.,2009,26(4):154-158. (in chinese)
in order to improve the consolidation, permeability and organic nutrients of the soil substrate used on steep rocky slope, the properties of soil substrate added with cement, wood slashings, rice straw and peaty soil were studied. the results showed that the ph value and rigidity were increased and the maximum waterholding capacity of substrate decreased (p
为解决工程技术中的人工基质粘结性、通透性及有机养分问题,对添加水泥、木屑、稻草及泥炭土等的理化性质进行系统测定。结果显示:水泥加入土壤后,不仅导致ph值的显著上升,还引起土壤的硬化及最大持水量的显著降低(p
... 由于2 mm直径的稻草会造成土壤过度松散,可能降低基质的抗侵蚀能力,所以不宜过量应用[27]...
1
2013
0.0
0.0
何淑勤,宫渊波,郑子成,孔祥东.不同植被条件下土壤抗冲性及其影响因素.,2013,33(6):75-79.
he sq,gong yb,zheng zc,kong xd.dynamic change of soil anti-scourablity and its in fluencing factors under different vegetation types.,2013,33(6):75-79. (in chinese)
摘 要: 采用野外实地放水冲刷的方法,以刺槐林、混交林幼林、天然次生林、退耕岷江柏林、岷江柏幼林、灌木林地为研究对象,研究了土壤抗冲性变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明,不同植被条件下土壤径流量随冲刷时间的变化较明显,总体上表现为先增大后减小,呈单峰变化。对照裸地(ck)径流随时间变化量低于灌木林地,但高于其它植被条件。不同植被条件下土壤冲刷过程中含沙量呈先降低后趋于平缓的变化规律。退耕岷江柏林、灌木林和岷江柏幼林地在产流过程中径流含沙量随时间变化较平稳,其中退耕岷江柏林地径流含沙量最小。混交林地含沙量总体较小,趋于稳定的时间滞后于其它植被条件。不同植被条件下土壤抗冲指数由大到小依次表现为:退耕岷江柏林〉岷江柏幼林〉刺槐林〉灌木林〉天然次生林〉混交林幼林〉裸地(ck)。不同植被条件下,土壤容重与抗冲指数呈显著负相关,微团聚体组成中〈0.001mm颗粒与土壤抗冲指数间呈显著正相关关系,其它粒级颗粒与土壤抗冲指数之间的相关性均未达到显著。土壤速效磷与抗冲指数呈显著负相关关系。
... 对照裸地径流量随时间变化低于灌木林地,但高于其它植被条件,这与何淑勤等[28]的研究结果相一致 ...
1
2014
0.0
0.0
李莉,王元素,王堃.喀斯特地区永久性禾草+白三叶混播草地群落种间竞争与共存.,2014,31(10):1943-1950.
lil,wang ys,wangk.interspecific competition and co-existence in permanent grasses+trifolium repens mixed pasture in karst region.,2014,31(10):1943-1950. (in chinese)
永久性混播草地群落中,豆科牧 草与禾草之间竞争不对等而实现竞争共存。在贵州灼圃示范牧场采用白三叶(trifolium repens)分别与紫羊茅(festuca rubra)、鸭茅(dactylis glomerata)分两组建植并持续适度利用20年后的混播草地开展的去除试验表明,去除伴生禾草后,白三叶生物量、盖度和密度增加,禾草对白三叶有竞 争关系,竞争强度随季节而不同,生长季节开始时小,后期增大。去除白三叶后初期,禾草产量变化不大,随后下降,白三叶对紫羊茅和鸭茅的竞争系数基本上为负 数,范围在-0.023~-0.394,表明禾草由于依赖白三叶的固氮作用而形成的偏利关系大于白三叶对禾草的竞争影响。在适度放牧混播草地系统中,豆 科、禾草之间的不对称竞争是白三叶长期维持合理比例和混播组分之间动态平衡的重要机制。
... 4 结论tbs工艺适用于西部边坡生物防护工程,但必须因地制宜地选择并科学搭配物种形成共生有效的植被群落,其中更多的考虑种间竞争[29],合理规避雨季施工,保持基质强度和防治病虫害是本工艺成功的另一关键要素,干旱季节根据植物不同的生长周期采取科学合理的养护方法格外重要 ...厚层基材(tbs)工艺在功果桥电站边坡生物防护中的应用
[田青怀1, 廖绫1, 张洋宁1, 肖振华1, 李威2]